A study found Pembrokeshire's farmers could save £1m a year on fertiliser, while helping improve water quality
BySteffan Messenger
Wales environment correspondent
Farmers have a crucial role in cleaning up one of the UK's most polluted river systems and could save money in the process, a new study has shown.
The eastern and western Cleddau rivers in Pembrokeshire flow through farmland which produces as much as 25% of Wales' milk.
Researchers from Lancaster University found the area's farms were buying in far more fertiliser and processed animal feed than needed, causing a build-up of phosphorus in the soil and polluting waterways.
Now - in what's thought to be one of the largest projects of its kind in the world - hundreds of dairy farms are working out their "nutrient footprint" to help tackle the problem.
The Eastern and Western Cleddau rivers unite to form the Daugleddau estuary and the harbour of Milford Haven Waterway
"The Cleddau is quite an extreme case," said Ric Cooper, of The Cleddau Project, a group of local volunteers working to restore the rivers, which are designated special areas of conservation (SACs).
"We have one of the highest densities of dairy cows in the country [here] - it's a very successful and important industry for Pembrokeshire... [but] we also have a river that's not coping."
Campaigners from The Cleddau Project alongside the Welsh government's West Wales Nutrient Management Board commissioned the study
In recent years the Cleddau rivers have been branded Wales' poorest performing protected waterways by environment watchdog Natural Resources Wales (NRW).
They suffer from elevated nutrient levels, which can lead to the growth of algae, depriving fish and other aquatic life of oxygen.
The situation's so serious it's recently led to limits on house building, while campaigners have warned of "ecological disaster".
Algal blooms are caused by excess nutrients in the water
Phosphorus - found in fertiliser and processed livestock feed - is considered to be one of the substances of most concern.
While sewage discharges, misconnected drains and industrial run off are also factors, this new research - funded by the Welsh government - finds agriculture to be "the primary driver" of phosphorus pollution in the Cleddau rivers.
Lancaster University's RePhoKUs team, external looked in detail at all of the phosphorus being imported into the area as well as how much then left again in milk, cheese or other products.
The conclusion was that far more phosphorus was coming into the catchment than was being removed through food production.
Local farms were generating a combined annual surplus of about 360 tonnes - the equivalent weight of 26 double decker buses' worth - of phosphorus was left behind in the land, which can continue polluting waterways for decades.
Dairy farms in Pembrokeshire produce as much as 25% of Wales' milk
What's more - they found that in theory there was no need for farms to be buying in so much artificial fertiliser, in particular, with enough phosphorus in animal manures across the county to meet crop requirements according to Prof Paul Withers, who led the research.
It means farms could potentially cut down significantly on expensive bought-in fertiliser by spreading their cows' slurry and manure more effectively - saving the county's farmers an estimated £1.08m a year.
Researchers looked at how much phosphorus was imported into the county in the form of animal feed and fertiliser, and how much in products such as milk
Dairy co-operative First Milk, which has a large cheese-processing plant in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, is trying to address the situation with all 700 of its farmers across the UK - including 200 in west Wales.
The group has recently worked out the nutrient footprint of each farm - closely scrutinising use of bought-in feed and fertiliser.
This data is used alongside new maps, produced with the help of satellite imagery, showing the risk of causing river pollution on a field by field basis.
Farmers will be expected to adjust where they spread fertiliser and slurry accordingly, and introduce other mitigation measures to improve soil health and protect rivers.
They will have to report annually on their progress.
"It's obviously looking to protect watercourses and reduce run off from the fields, but it's also trying to prevent excess nutrients being brought on farm," said area manager Sarah Bennett.
"It's a missing metric for responsible farming," added Lee Truelove, First Milk's director of regenerative farming.
"We want to make sure it's the best environment for our cows and for everyone else around," says farmer Tom Jones
Among those taking part is dairy farmer Tom Jones from Kilgetty, who said he wanted to ensure "the best environment" for his 250 cows "and for everyone else around".
"Whatever we buy onto farm we want it to stay on the farm, we don't want it leaving in the watercourses," he said.
"I want to show that we're on the right side and we're trying as much as we can."
Farmers involved in the First Milk trial are being given advice on how to mitigate the risk of polluting watercourses on their land
Farms are under pressure to act on nutrient pollution, with several major supermarkets now signed up to an agreement known as the UK Food and Drink Pact, pledging to source 50% of fresh food from areas with sustainable water management by 2030.
"We've had 20 years of really focusing on the carbon cycle and the carbon footprint is now a critical key performance indicator in every area of business," Truelove explained.
"But farming also has a massive nutrient cycle and when that's out of balance obviously the watercourses are one of the consequences."
First Milk has produces maps showing the risk of polluting rivers on a field-by-field basis for its farmers
"I don't know of anything like that anywhere in the world where 700 farms have had a farmgate nutrient footprint and they're discussing with every farmer what they can do about it," said Cooper.
The Cleddau study's findings are being presented at an event in the Royal Welsh Agricultural Show in Llanelwedd, Powys on Wednesday, with those involved meeting with Senedd members and MPs on the showground.
"This may be about the Cleddau but it's much wider than that," Cooper added.
"We have nutrient imbalance across a lot of areas of intensive livestock agriculture [in the UK] and if we don't do anything about it then our rivers will never recover to good health".
Mid and South Pembrokeshire MP Henry Tufnell, a member of parliament's Environment, Food and Rural Affairs committee said there was "a real opportunity on a national basis" to help farmers reduce their input costs and protect the environment - "a win-win".
The study found farmers did not necessarily need to be buying-in artificial fertiliser and nutrients in their livestock's manure should be sufficient for growing crops
The Welsh government welcomed the report and said "improving the health of the Cleddau requires action across all sectors".
A spokesperson added that the government-backed Cleddau nutrient management plan was already "helping to improve understanding of both phosphorus and nitrogen pressures, identify priority interventions, and support the long-term recovery of these important rivers and the downstream marine environment".
